黨的(de)(de)十八屆三中全(quan)會《決定》指出：“國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、集體資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、非(fei)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)等交叉持股(gu)(gu)、相(xiang)互(hu)融合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，是(shi)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)實(shi)現形式(shi)(shi)……允(yun)許更多(duo)國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)和其他(ta)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)成為混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)。”這(zhe)(zhe)段論(lun)述與以前的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)論(lun)述相(xiang)比有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩處新意：首先，以前講混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)以股(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主題，從股(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)引出混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，而這(zhe)(zhe)里把混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)獨立地提(ti)了出來(lai)。其次，以前講混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)從公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)改革著眼的(de)(de)，將股(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)作為“公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)實(shi)現形式(shi)(shi)”，而《決定》指出混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)“是(shi)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)實(shi)現形式(shi)(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利于國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)放大(da)功能(neng)、保值(zhi)增值(zhi)、提(ti)高(gao)競爭力，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利于各種(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)取長(chang)補短、相(xiang)互(hu)促(cu)進、共同發展(zhan)”。這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)說，混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)既(ji)是(shi)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)實(shi)現形式(shi)(shi)，又是(shi)非(fei)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)實(shi)現形式(shi)(shi)。

為(wei)什么(me)要發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)？過去學界(jie)討論的(de)重點(dian)，主要是將(jiang)其作為(wei)公有制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)有效(xiao)實現形式，以增強國(guo)有經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)力、影響力，搞好(hao)搞活國(guo)有經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。《決定》深化(hua)了(le)(le)對發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)功能(neng)(neng)和目的(de)的(de)認識(shi)：既(ji)是為(wei)了(le)(le)放大國(guo)有資(zi)本(ben)的(de)功能(neng)(neng)，提高其競(jing)爭力，更好(hao)地發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)有經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)；也是為(wei)了(le)(le)擴大民營資(zi)本(ben)等的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)領域，讓民營資(zi)本(ben)更多進入國(guo)有經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，更好(hao)地發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)非公有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

怎樣發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)？目(mu)前看，應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意以下幾點：第一，立足于(yu)堅持和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義初級(ji)階(jie)段(duan)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度。習近平同(tong)志(zhi)指出(chu)：“國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)央(yang)管理企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)關系(xi)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)安全和(he)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)命脈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要行(xing)業(ye)和(he)關鍵領域占(zhan)據(ju)支(zhi)配(pei)地位，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要支(zhi)柱(zhu)(zhu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)們黨執政(zheng)和(he)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)基(ji)礎中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)起支(zhi)柱(zhu)(zhu)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，必(bi)須搞(gao)(gao)好。”發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，必(bi)須以此為指導，搞(gao)(gao)好國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)。同(tong)時，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)只有(you)(you)搞(gao)(gao)好，才能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮支(zhi)柱(zhu)(zhu)作用(yong)。實(shi)行(xing)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革，應(ying)(ying)以有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)各(ge)種所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)取長(chang)補短、相互促進(jin)、共(gong)同(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)為目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，從而(er)(er)堅持和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義初級(ji)階(jie)段(duan)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度。第二，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雙向(xiang)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)，而(er)(er)非單向(xiang)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)。多年前我(wo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)南(nan)方參觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一家(jia)(jia)(jia)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)得(de)(de)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私營(ying)(ying)(ying)醫藥企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)參股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)，國(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)雖然占(zhan)大(da)(da)頭，但分散在(zai)(zai)(zai)多家(jia)(jia)(jia)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，因(yin)而(er)(er)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)相對(dui)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。一般把民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)畫等號(hao)，其實(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)、集體(ti)(ti)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)參股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，無論由(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)絕對(dui)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相對(dui)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，都會放(fang)大(da)(da)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力和(he)影響力，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)利(li)用(yong)公有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)壯大(da)(da)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)。以股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為載體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)已發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)多年，目(mu)前幾千家(jia)(jia)(jia)上市公司、幾十萬億股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)票市值(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，既有(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)，也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)。現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要進(jin)一步打開大(da)(da)門，過去民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)沒有(you)(you)進(jin)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某些產(chan)業(ye)包(bao)括壟(long)斷性產(chan)業(ye)，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以讓(rang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)進(jin)入。第三(san)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，由(you)(you)誰控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)應(ying)(ying)具體(ti)(ti)分析。發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為了(le)更(geng)好地發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，既不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)讓(rang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)侵(qin)蝕國(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，也(ye)(ye)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)讓(rang)國(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)侵(qin)蝕民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要共(gong)同(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)參股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)一般要取得(de)(de)絕對(dui)或(huo)相對(dui)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權；民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)參股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)也(ye)(ye)要保值(zhi)(zhi)增值(zhi)(zhi)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂保值(zhi)(zhi)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)存量資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)要保持原價值(zhi)(zhi)，不能流(liu)失。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)既無關國(guo)(guo)計民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生又經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)不善，可(ke)由(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂增值(zhi)(zhi)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要擴大(da)(da)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)、做大(da)(da)蛋糕(gao)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)擴大(da)(da)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)或(huo)進(jin)行(xing)新投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)時，可(ke)按照投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)和(he)國(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)投(tou)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例，由(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)或(huo)由(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)參股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，即使沒有(you)(you)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權，也(ye)(ye)擴大(da)(da)了(le)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)范圍，有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)緩解貸款和(he)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源利(li)用(yong)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困難，可(ke)獲得(de)(de)增大(da)(da)蛋糕(gao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一塊，有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)自身發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

（本文章摘自7月(yue)27日《人民日報》）